卷八·第 378–382 问　半周、三方、模式与行星的性质

§378. What are the ascending and the descending halves of the orb?

第三百七十八问　何谓天球的上升半周与下降半周？

They are the two into which the two points of the solstices divide it. The signs of the ascending half are Capricorn, Aquarius, Pisces, Aries, Taurus and Gemini; and the signs of the descending half are the remaining six, their opposites. The Indians name each of these two halves: the ascending one of them [they call] udag, that is, the northern, because the Sun, even when it is in the part of it that inclines to the south, is nevertheless ascending toward its northern limit; and the descending one they call dakṣiṇāyana, that is, the southern, in the same way as we have said. The signs of the ascending half are also called crooked of rising, because their ascensions in the orb [of a town] fall short of their ascensions in the right orb. The crooked signs are also called obeying and the straight ones commanding, in the sense of agreement in path; that is because of every two of them that revolve on one orbit, if they are compared, the one in the descending half precedes, by the first motion, the one in the ascending half, so that it is as if it commands it and calls it, and the second obeys it by following, and the like.

就是两个至点把天球分成的那两半。上升半周的星座是摩羯、水瓶、双鱼、白羊、金牛、双子；下降半周的星座是其余六个，即与它们相对的那些。印度人给这两半各起了名字：上升的那一半［他们称为］乌达格，意思是北方的，因为太阳即使在它偏南的那一部分里，也仍在向它的北方极限上升；下降的那一半他们称为达克希那耶那，意思是南方的，道理与我们所说的相同。上升半周的星座又称为升起弯曲的，因为它们在［某城的］天球上的上升时间，短于它们在正球上的上升时间。弯曲的星座又称为服从的，平直的称为命令的，这是就道路上相合的意思而言；因为在同一条周日圈上运行的每两个星座，若加以比较，在下降半周的那一个，凭第一运动走在上升半周那一个的前面，所以它好像在命令它、召唤它，而第二个以跟随来服从它，诸如此类。

§379. What are the triplicities?

第三百七十九问　何谓三方？

They are the signs that agree in nature in both of the two qualities and that fall in the orb at the angles of an equilateral triangle. For this reason the signs of a triplicity are counted as one thing, and their judgement is approximately one and alike. Aries, Leo and Sagittarius are the fiery triplicity, signifying gathering and comprehending. As for their signification of fire: Aries signifies fire blazing in its kindling; Leo, that which is latent in stones and trees; and Sagittarius, the innate fire which is in the bodies of animals. Taurus, Virgo and Capricorn [are the earthy triplicity]: Taurus [signifies] the grass and pasture that has no seed, Virgo what has grain and seed and small trees, and Capricorn the crops that grow tall and great. Gemini, Libra and Aquarius are the airy triplicity, signifying cooling: Gemini signifies living air, Libra fertilizing air, and Aquarius turbulent air and harmful gales. Cancer, Scorpio and Pisces are the watery triplicity, signifying water-pits (aḥsāʾ): Cancer signifies good, sweet waters; Scorpio mixed waters of violent current; and Pisces salt, foul-smelling waters.

就是在两种性质上本性都相合、在天球上落在一个等边三角形三个角上的星座。因此一个三方的诸星座被算作一体，它们的判断大致是同一的、相似的。白羊、狮子、射手是火象三方，主聚集与包容。至于它们对火的象征：白羊主正在点燃中熊熊燃烧的火；狮子主潜藏在石头与树木中的火；射手主动物体内天生的火。金牛、处女、摩羯［是土象三方］：金牛［主］没有种子的草与牧草，处女主有谷粒、有种子的东西与小树，摩羯主长得高大的庄稼。双子、天秤、水瓶是气象三方，主致冷：双子主有生气的空气，天秤主使万物受孕的空气，水瓶主扰动的空气与有害的狂风。巨蟹、天蝎、双鱼是水象三方，主沙底水坑：巨蟹主好的甜水；天蝎主水流湍急的混杂之水；双鱼主咸而发臭的水。

§380. What are the quadruplicities?

第三百八十问　何谓模式？

The signs of the seasons: Aries, Taurus and Gemini are vernal, signifying motion; of the ages, youth; of the directions, the east, its wind being ṣabā; and of the quarters of the day and night, the first of them. Cancer, Leo and Virgo are summer signs, signifying rest; of the ages, young manhood; of the directions, the south, its wind being janūb; and of the quarters of the night and day, the second of them. Libra, Scorpio and Sagittarius are autumnal, signifying motion; of the ages, middle age; of the directions, the west, its wind being dabūr; and of the quarters of the night and day, the third of them. Capricorn, Aquarius and Pisces are wintry, signifying rest; of the ages, old age; of the directions, the north, its wind being shamāl; and of the quarters of the day and night, the fourth of them. The first sign of every season is called tropical; the second, fixed, in which the season is fixed in the truth of its nature; and the third, bicorporeal. Each kind of these three kinds falls on a square: Aries, Cancer, Libra and Capricorn are the tropical quadruplicity, signifying calm, cleanliness, intelligence, study of the sciences and of obscure causes. Taurus, Leo, Scorpio and Aquarius are the fixed quadruplicity, signifying forbearance, deliberation, fairness, affection and many quarrels; and sometimes they signify hard mountains [text uncertain], endurance in work and toil. Gemini, Virgo, Sagittarius and Pisces are the bicorporeal quadruplicity, signifying mixing, lightness, levity, love of amusement, little shame, diversity of affairs, changing with two colours, and travellers [text uncertain]. In general, the fixed signs are the clearest in signification in what they signify, and the bicorporeal are more fitting than the tropical in what lies between them. Let us now return to the conditions of the planets by themselves, for they stand to the signs as spirits to bodies, their innate disposition changing through their dwelling in them, just as the soul follows the temperament of the body, and becomes angry, glad and sad according to the predominance of the humours and their stirring in the body, and its states come to resemble its state.

就是季节的星座：白羊、金牛、双子是春季的，主运动；在年龄中主少年；在方位中主东方，它的风是萨巴风；在昼夜的四分中主第一分。巨蟹、狮子、处女是夏季星座，主静止；在年龄中主青壮年；在方位中主南方，它的风是贾努布风；在夜与昼的四分中主第二分。天秤、天蝎、射手是秋季的，主运动；在年龄中主中年；在方位中主西方，它的风是达布尔风；在夜与昼的四分中主第三分。摩羯、水瓶、双鱼是冬季的，主静止；在年龄中主老年；在方位中主北方，它的风是沙马勒风；在昼与夜的四分中主第四分。每个季节的第一个星座称为启动的；第二个称为固定的，季节在其中固定于它本性的真实；第三个称为双体的。这三类中的每一类都落在一个正方形上：白羊、巨蟹、天秤、摩羯是启动模式，主平静、洁净、聪慧、研习学问与探究隐微的原因。金牛、狮子、天蝎、水瓶是固定模式，主宽忍、审慎、公道、亲爱与多争讼；有时也主坚硬的山〔原文疑有讹误〕、耐于工作与劳苦。双子、处女、射手、双鱼是双体模式，主混杂、轻浮、轻佻、好游乐、少羞耻、事务多样、两色变换，以及行旅之人〔原文疑有讹误〕。总的说来，固定星座在它们所主之事上象征最为明确，而双体星座在两者之间的事上比启动星座更合宜。现在让我们回到行星本身的情形，因为它们之于星座，就像灵魂之于身体，它们天生的禀性因居住在星座里而改变，正如灵魂随顺身体的气质，按体液的偏胜与它们在体内的激荡而发怒、欢喜、悲伤，它的状态变得与身体的状态相似。

§381. What are the natures of the planets?

第三百八十一问　诸行星的性质如何？

The planets have, among the things that receive [their influence], an action and an effect. What is found of the effect of Saturn is cold and dryness in excess; of Jupiter, heat, and what falls short of it, in moderation; of Mars, heat and dryness in excess; of the Sun, heat and dryness, not to the extreme, but in a lesser amount than Mars has, its heat being stronger than its dryness; of Venus, cold and moisture in moderation, its moisture exceeding its coldness. As for Mercury, cold and dryness, not to the extreme, prevail in him, dryness having the preponderance in him; then he changes according to what he mixes with and passes over to its nature. As for the Moon, she is cold, not to the extreme, and moist; sometimes she falls short of coldness, sometimes she falls short in dryness, and sometimes she exceeds both; except that, because of the accidental heat in her from the light acquired from the Sun, she changes in the quarters of the months, from the first appearance of the crescent, after the analogy of the seasons of the year: in the first of them she is of the nature of spring, hot and moist; in the second, of the nature of summer, hot and dry; in the third, cold and dry; and in the last, cold and moist. Some people said that the moisture of the Moon is predominant and does not leave her, so that she is always moist; she only inclines with it toward warmth in the first half, so long as her light is growing, then inclines with it toward cold in the last half, and the warmth leaves her. That is through the decrease of the light in her body; for the acquired accident, when it ceases, leaves with her nothing but the return to her nature.

诸行星对承受［其影响］的事物，有一种作用与效果。土星的效果所见是过度的冷与干；木星是热，以及次于热的那一质，都适中；火星是过度的热与干；太阳是热与干，但不到极点，分量少于火星，它的热强于它的干；金星是适中的冷与湿，它的湿多于它的冷。至于水星，在他身上占上风的是冷与干，但不到极点，其中以干为主；然后他随所混合的对象而改变，转入它的本性。至于月亮，她冷，但不到极点，而且湿；有时她冷得不足，有时干得不足，有时两者都超过；只是由于她从太阳获得的光而在她身上有偶然的热，她从新月初现起，按一年四季的类比，在每月的四分中变化：在第一分她具春天的本性，热而湿；在第二分具夏天的本性，热而干；在第三分冷而干；在最后一分冷而湿。有些人说，月亮的湿占主导，从不离开她，所以她总是湿的；她只是在前半月光增长期间，带着湿偏向温暖，然后在后半月带着湿偏向寒冷，温暖离开她。那是由于她身上的光减少；因为获得的偶性一旦消失，留给她的就只有回到她的本性。

§382. What is their condition in maleficence and beneficence?

第三百八十二问　它们在凶与吉上的情形如何？

Saturn and Mars are malefics without qualification, Saturn the greater of them and Mars the lesser; Jupiter and Venus are benefics without qualification, Jupiter the greater of them and Venus the lesser. So Jupiter stands over against Saturn in dissolving the maleficence that he ties, and Venus over against Mars in the same. The Sun is benefic by aspect and distance, malefic by conjunction and nearness. Mercury in this matter is as he is in nature: he conforms to the malefics in maleficence and to the benefics in beneficence, and when he is alone he inclines to beneficence. As for the Moon, she is benefic, except that her positions with respect to the planets change much, because of the speed of her motion. The benefics in general are good; their action is good, justice, righteousness, safety, purity, good character, joy, rest, beauty and the virtues; if they are strong they are affectionate and friendly to one another, and if weak they help one another. The malefics in general are obstructive and harmful; their action is injustice, corruption, sadness, impurity, pain, griefs, confusion, ingratitude, doubt, ugliness and all the vices; if they are strong they oppose one another and are hostile to one another, and if weak they fail and forsake one another. Some people said of Saturn that his first part is malefic owing to Mars and his last part benefic owing to Jupiter, through his sharing their conditions; and they said of Mars that his first part is benefic and his last malefic, and of the Sun that its first part is benefic and its last malefic. The one of them who said this did not verify it for these two; for the principle in this matter is that every planet that is excessive in its effect in both qualities together is attributed to maleficence, and every planet whose qualities differ in amount is not given the name of beneficence or maleficence except with a condition.

土星与火星是无条件的凶星，土星是其中的大凶，火星是小凶；木星与金星是无条件的吉星，木星是其中的大吉，金星是小吉。所以木星与土星相对，解开土星所结的凶；金星与火星相对，也是如此。太阳以相照与远离为吉，以会合与靠近为凶。水星在这件事上和他在本性上一样：他与凶星同凶，与吉星同吉；单独时偏向吉。至于月亮，她是吉星，只是由于运行迅速，她相对于诸行星的位置变化很多。吉星总的说来是好的；它们的作用是善、正义、公正、平安、纯洁、好品性、欢乐、安宁、美与诸德；它们强时彼此亲爱友好，弱时彼此相助。凶星总的说来是阻碍而有害的；它们的作用是不义、败坏、悲伤、不洁、痛苦、哀伤、混乱、忘恩、疑惑、丑陋与一切恶德；它们强时彼此对立、彼此敌视，弱时彼此失败、彼此背弃。有些人说土星的前一部分因火星而凶，后一部分因木星而吉，因为他分有它们的情形；又说火星的前一部分吉而后一部分凶，太阳的前一部分吉而后一部分凶。说这话的人对这两颗星没有核实；因为这件事的原则是：凡在两种性质上同时效果过度的行星，都归于凶；凡两种性质分量不等的行星，除非附带条件，不给它吉或凶的名称。