卷六·第 295–308 问　基督教、伊斯兰与波斯的节日

§295. What are the Shaʿānīn, and what follows them?

第二百九十五问　沙阿宁是什么？随后的又是什么？

It is the last Sunday within their Great Fast, and its meaning is 'praise'. On it Jesus son of Mary, peace be upon him, entered Jerusalem riding a she-ass followed by her foal, while the people sang praises before him. He enjoined what is right and forbade what is wrong, and the priests and the doctors rose against him, so he went into hiding. On the Wednesday he washed the feet of his companions the disciples, out of humility; on the Thursday he kept the Passover with bread and wine and foretold to them his own death. Then on the eve of Friday he went out to the mountain, and Judas, one of his companions, informed against him to the Jews; they seized him, tormented him all night long, and then crucified him, as they claim, at midday on the Friday, which is called the Friday of the Crucifixion. He was buried and stayed in the tomb on the Saturday, which is called the Good Tidings of the Messiah to the Dead. Then he came out of the tomb on the morning of the Sunday, which is the Fiṭr of the Christians.

它是他们大斋之内的最后一个星期日，意思是“赞美”。这一日马利亚之子耶稣——愿他平安——骑着一头母驴进入耶路撒冷，母驴的驹子跟在后面，人们在他前面唱着赞歌。他劝人行善、禁人作恶，祭司与博士们起来反对他，于是他隐藏起来。星期三，他出于谦卑，为他的同伴门徒洗脚；星期四，他用饼和酒守了逾越节，并向他们预言了自己的死。星期五的前夜，他出城到山上，他的同伴之一犹大向犹太人告发了他；他们捉住他，整夜折磨他，然后据他们所说，在星期五正午把他钉上了十字架，这一日称为受难星期五。他被埋葬，星期六留在墓中，这一日称为“弥赛亚给死者的佳音”。然后他在星期日早晨从墓中出来，这一日就是基督徒的开斋。

§296. What is the New Sunday?

第二百九十六问　新主日是什么？

It is the first Sunday after the Fiṭr, because the Sundays before it are taken up with the fast. On it they renew their utensils, furniture and clothing, and from it they begin contracts of dealing and leases.

它是开斋后的第一个星期日，因为在它之前的星期日都被斋戒占去了。这一日他们更新器皿、家具与衣服，并从这一日开始订立买卖与租赁的契约。

§297. What is the Sullāq?

第二百九十七问　苏拉格是什么？

It is the Thursday, the fortieth day from the Fiṭr [corrected: MS has 'forty-second']. On it the Messiah ascended from his disciples to heaven and promised to send them the Fāraqlīṭ, who is the Holy Spirit.

它是星期四，从开斋数起的第四十日〔抄本作“第四十二日”，据算改正〕。这一日弥赛亚离开他的门徒升天，并应许差遣法拉格利特给他们，也就是圣灵。

§298. What is the Pentecost?

第二百九十八问　五旬节是什么？

It is the Sunday, the fiftieth day from the Fiṭr; its name in Greek is derived from 'fifty'. On it the Holy Spirit came down upon the disciples and strengthened them; their tongues became different, and each of them went to the region of his own language to call people to the Messiah.

它是星期日，从开斋数起的第五十日；它在希腊语里的名字出于“五十”。这一日圣灵降临在门徒身上，坚固了他们；他们的语言变得各不相同，每人都去到操自己语言的地方，召人归向弥赛亚。

§299. What is the Fast of the Salīḥīn?

第二百九十九问　萨利欣斋是什么？

It too is 7 weeks. The salīḥīn are the prophets; that is their belief concerning the Messiah, which requires that his messengers who spread over the earth to call people be such.

它也是七周。萨利欣就是先知们；这是他们关于弥赛亚的信念，这信念要求他那些散布到大地上召人的使者是这样的人。

§300. What is the Māshūsh?

第三百问　马舒什是什么？

This is one of the inventions of foolish people against them: that it is a night on which their men and women gather to seek Jesus and then couple with one another in the darkness as chance falls. We seek refuge with God from lying about the sect of the Christians: their conduct, in spite of the corruption of their belief, reaches the utmost in diligence, trustworthiness and compassion towards all. They have very many fasts, and dhukrānīn in the names of their bishops, ascetics and martyrs, each known by its name.

这是愚人对他们编造的谎言之一：说那是一个夜晚，他们的男男女女聚在一起寻找耶稣，然后在黑暗中随意苟合。我们求真主护佑，不对基督徒的教派说谎：他们的品行，尽管他们的信仰有偏差，在勤勉、诚信与对众人的怜悯上都达到了极致。他们有非常多的斋戒，也有以他们的主教、苦修者与殉道者之名命名的祖克拉宁，各以其名著称。

§301. What have the Muslims in their months?

第三百零一问　穆斯林在他们的月份里有什么？

In al-Muḥarram, the name of its tenth day is ʿĀshūrāʾ. Its fast was made obligatory in the first year of the Hijra and was then abrogated by the fast of the month of Ramaḍān, and ʿĀshūrāʾ remained a voluntary fast of many merits. Then the killing of al-Ḥusayn son of ʿAlī happened to fall on it, and it became a day of mourning for the Shīʿa at Baghdad. The night of the fifteenth of Shaʿbān is held in great honour and is called the Night of Acquittal; I think its reason is the acquittal from the Fire of whoever spends it in vigil. In the month of Ramaḍān is the Night of Power mentioned in the Qurʾān; it is in the last ten days, and it is said in their odd nights, and it is said on the twenty-seventh. The first day of Shawwāl is the Feast of the Breaking of the Fast, which may not be fasted; the six days after it complete the reward if they are fasted by one who has fasted Ramaḍān. The first ten days of Dhū l-Ḥijja are called the sacred days. The eighth of these days is the Day of Watering (tarwiya), because of the pilgrims' taking water on it; the ninth is the Day of ʿArafa, and the standing at ʿArafāt is the Greater Pilgrimage. The tenth day of Dhū l-Ḥijja is the Feast of the Sacrifice, and the days after it are the 'numbered days', in which devotions are multiplied [text uncertain]; but this is not the place to speak of that. In these months there are days on which the births, deaths or killings of eminent men, or other events, happened to fall, but they are seldom observed.

穆哈兰姆月第十日的名字是阿舒拉。它的斋戒在希吉拉第一年定为必守，后来被赖买丹月的斋戒废止，阿舒拉便成为一个功德很多的自愿斋日。后来阿里之子侯赛因被杀恰好落在这一日，它就成了巴格达什叶派的哀悼之日。舍尔邦月十五日之夜极受尊崇，称为赦免之夜；我想它的缘由，是凡在这一夜守夜的人都得赦免于火狱。赖买丹月里有《古兰经》中提到的盖德尔夜；它在最后十日之中，有人说在其中的单数夜，也有人说在二十七日。闪瓦鲁月初一是开斋节，这一日不可斋戒；其后的六日，若已守过赖买丹斋的人再斋戒，便使报偿圆满。都尔黑哲月的头十日称为神圣之日。其中第八日是饮水日，因为朝觐者在这一日取水；第九日是阿拉法日，站立于阿拉法特就是大朝觐。都尔黑哲月第十日是宰牲节，其后诸日是“计数之日”，其中功修倍增〔原文疑有讹误〕；但这里不是讲这些的地方。这些月份里还有一些日子，恰逢显赫人物的诞生、去世或被杀，或别的事件，但很少有人守。

§302. What is the Nawrūz among the months of the Persians?

第三百零二问　波斯人月份中的诺鲁孜是什么？

It is the first day of Farwardīn-māh, and it is called 'new day' for this reason, that it is the beginning of the new year. The five days after it are all feasts, and the sixth of them is the Great Nawrūz, because the Chosroes used to attend to the needs of the people during the five days and then on this day withdraw with their families. They believe of the first Nawrūz that it was the first day of time, because the orb began to revolve on it.

它是法尔瓦丁月第一日，称为“新日”，缘由是它是新年的开始。其后五日都是节日，第六日是大诺鲁孜，因为库思老诸王在那五日里料理百姓的需要，然后在这一日与家人退居。他们相信，第一个诺鲁孜是时间的第一日，因为天球在这一日开始旋转。

§303. What is the Tīragān?

第三百零三问　提尔甘是什么？

It is on the thirteenth of Tīr-māh, the name of the day, Tīr, agreeing with the name of its month; and in the same way every day whose name agrees with the name of its month is a feast. On this day, they claim, Ārash shot his arrow, on account of the peace made between Manūchihr and Afrāsiyāb over the kingdom, at the distance of an arrow's shot; and the arrow went from the mountains of Ṭabaristān to the heights of Ṭukhāristān.

它在提尔月十三日，这一日的名字提尔与它所在之月的名字相合；同样，凡是日名与其月名相合的日子都是节日。他们声称，这一日阿拉什射出了他的箭，起因是马努切赫尔与阿夫拉西亚卜就国土议和，以一箭之远为界；那支箭从塔巴里斯坦的群山飞到了吐火罗斯坦的高地。

§304. What is the Mihrjān?

第三百零四问　米赫尔甘是什么？

It is the sixteenth of Mihr-māh, and its name is Mihr. On it, they claim, Farīdūn overcame the sorcerer Bēwarāsb, known as al-Ḍaḥḥāk, and imprisoned him in the mountain of Dunbāwand. The days after it are feasts, as they were after the Nawrūz, and the sixth of them is the Greater Mihrjān, which is known as Rām-rōz.

它是米赫尔月十六日，这一日的名字是米赫尔。他们声称，这一日法里东制服了称为佐哈克的术士贝瓦拉斯卜，把他囚禁在敦巴万德山中。其后诸日都是节日，与诺鲁孜之后一样，第六日是大米赫尔甘，称为拉姆日。

§305. What is the Farwardajān?

第三百零五问　法尔瓦尔达甘是什么？

It is the last five days of Ābān-māh, and its meaning is 'the nurturing of the spirit', because the Magians set out food and drink in them for the spirits of their dead, claiming that these come and are nourished by them. Since at the end of Ābān-māh there are five additional days, known as the andargāh, some of them imagined that these were the Farwardajān, and disagreement arose; that was a matter among them in Magianism. So they took both sets of five as a precaution, making the twenty-sixth of Ābān-māh the first of the Farwardajān and the stolen days (al-mustaraqa) its last, and so the Farwardajān became 10 days.

它是阿班月的最后五日，意思是“灵魂的滋养”，因为祆教徒在这几日为他们死者的灵魂摆上食物和饮料，声称灵魂会来，靠这些得到滋养。由于阿班月末尾有五个附加日，称为安达尔加，他们中有些人以为这五日才是法尔瓦尔达甘，于是生出分歧；这是祆教中他们之间的一件事。于是他们为稳妥起见，把两个五日都取了，以阿班月二十六日为法尔瓦尔达甘的第一日，以窃日为它的最后，法尔瓦尔达甘就成了十日。

§306. What is the Ride of the Kawsaj?

第三百零六问　骑考斯吉是什么？

Ādhar-māh, in the days of the Chosroes, was the beginning of spring. On its first day there used to come, for a good omen, a kawsaj (a thin-bearded man) riding a donkey and holding a crow, fanning himself with a fan and bidding farewell to the winter, and people took it as good tidings. In our time at Shīrāz he is mounted against a tax that he pays to the governor out of what is collected for him: from the morning to noon it is for the tax, and up to the afternoon for himself; if he is found after that he is slapped and made sport of.

在库思老诸王的时代，阿扎尔月是春天的开始。在它的第一日，为了吉兆，常有一个考斯吉（稀须之人）骑着驴来，手提一只乌鸦，用扇子给自己扇风，与冬天告别，人们以此为好兆头。在我们这个时代，设拉子人让他骑上驴，以抵一笔他要从为他收来的钱里交给长官的税：从早晨到正午收的归税，到下午收的归他自己；过了这个时候若被人撞见，他就要挨耳光、被人戏弄。

§307. What is Bahmanja?

第三百零七问　巴赫曼贾是什么？

It is the day Bahman of Bahman-māh. On it white bahman is eaten with pure milk, as being good for the memory. In Khurāsān a feast is held over a cooked dish containing every edible grain, the meat of animals, and whatever herbs and plants are found in the place.

它是巴赫曼月的巴赫曼日。这一日人们把白巴赫曼与纯奶一起吃，认为对记性有益。在呼罗珊，人们围着一道煮好的菜过节，菜里有每一种可吃的谷物、各种动物的肉，以及当地能找到的一切草叶与植物。

§308. What is the Sadhaq?

第三百零八问　萨达格是什么？

It is Ābān-rōz, which is the tenth of Bahman-māh. On its night, which is between it and the eleventh day, fires are kindled and people drink around them; then they go on to burning animals. The reason for its name is that from it to the Nawrūz are fifty daytimes and fifty nights [corrected: MS has 'or']; and it is said that on it the offspring of the first father completed a hundred souls [corrected: MS omits 'a hundred']. The reason for kindling fires on it is that Bēwarāsb laid on the kingdom two men every day, so as to treat with their brains the two growths on his shoulders. His vizier was Armāyīl [illegible], and he used to spare one of the two and send him to Dunbāwand. When Afrīdūn seized him he reproached him, and his answer was: 'The utmost in my power was to spare one of each two who were to be killed, and the whole of them are behind the mountain.' So Afrīdūn sent one of his trusted men with him to witness what he claimed; but Armāyīl's messenger went ahead to them, ordering them to raise fires on their roofs, so that their great number might be known by night. This pleased Afrīdūn; he set him free, seated him on a throne of gold, and named him Maṣmughān, that is, the great one of the Magians. It is also said that the Sadhaq is five days, one day called Barsadhaq, and it is also called Būsadhaq; but I have not arrived at the truth of it.

它是阿班日，即巴赫曼月第十日。在它的夜里，也就是它与第十一日之间的夜里，人们燃起火，围着火饮酒；然后又进而焚烧动物。它得名的缘由是：从这一日到诺鲁孜，有五十个白昼和五十个夜晚〔抄本作“或”，据算改正〕；又有人说，在这一日，始祖的后裔满了一百人〔抄本脱“一百”，据算改正〕。这一日燃火的缘由是：贝瓦拉斯卜每天向国中征两个人，用他们的脑来治他肩上的两个肉瘤。他的大臣是阿尔马伊勒〔抄本此处字迹难辨〕，他常放过两人中的一个，送他去敦巴万德山。阿夫里敦擒住贝瓦拉斯卜后，责备这位大臣，他回答说：“我力所能及的极限，是在每两个要被杀的人中放过一个，他们全都在山的那一边。”于是阿夫里敦派他的一个亲信随他去，查验他所说的话；但阿尔马伊勒的使者抢先赶到那些人那里，命他们在屋顶上燃起火来，好让人在夜里看出他们人数之多。阿夫里敦为此高兴，释放了他，让他坐上黄金宝座，给他取名为马斯穆甘，意思是祆教徒中的大者。又有人说萨达格共五日，其中一日称为巴尔萨达格，也称为布萨达格；但我没有弄清它的真相。