卷三·第 158–162 问　四十八星像与每像星数

§158. How are these fixed stars to be recognized?

第一百五十八问　这些恒星怎样辨认？

It would have been possible to give each of them a name, were it not for the length of the task and the difficulty of remembering it. Every nation imagines figures among them and invents legends and fables about them, especially the Arabs, the Indians and the Turks. The Greeks, however, imagined lines for them and made figures out of them, so that it might be easy to point to them, especially in observation and in books, so that one may say 'the star on the eye of such-and-such a figure', or on its hand or its foot, and this is understood once the figures have become known between those conversing. Of these figures, twelve lie on the zodiac, twenty-one north of it and fifteen in the south; and from some of the figures there remain a number of stars which are ascribed to them although they lie outside them.

本来可以给每一颗都起个名字，只是工程浩大，又难以记住。每个民族都在它们当中想象出图形，并就它们编出传说与故事，尤其是阿拉伯人、印度人与突厥人。希腊人却为它们想象出线条，用这些线条造成图形，以便容易指认它们，特别是在观测中与书中，好让人说“某某图形眼睛上的那颗星”，或手上的、脚上的，而一旦交谈的双方都熟知这些图形，所说的就能听懂。这些图形中，有十二个在黄道上，二十一个在黄道以北，十五个在南方；有些图形还剩下若干颗星，虽在图形之外，却归属于它们。

§159. What are the figures on the zodiac?

第一百五十九问　黄道上的图形是哪些？

They are those after which the signs are named. The name of the first figure, counting from the vernal equinox, is the Ram: it is the figure of a ram that has turned round to look behind it, so that its muzzle is on its back. The second is the Bull, in the figure of the fore half of a bull that has lowered its head to butt, as if it had been cut in two at the navel. The third is the Twins, in the figure of two boys standing, one of whom has placed his hand on the shoulder of the other. The fourth is the Crab, and its figure is complete; the fifth the Lion, likewise; the sixth the Virgin, in the figure of a winged girl who has let her train hang down. The seventh is the Balance, whose figure is as its name; the eighth the Scorpion, likewise. The ninth is the Archer: as it were the body of a beast up to the neck, and from the base of the neck there emerges half of a man with long locks, who has set the arrow to his bow and drawn it to the full. The tenth is the Kid, which as far as the chest is in the figure of the fore half of a kid, and the rest is the hind part of a fish down to its tail. The eleventh is the Water-Pourer, in the figure of a man standing with both hands stretched out, in one of which is a jug that he has turned over, so that the water pours down to where his feet stand and flows beneath them. The twelfth is the Fish (al-Samaka), in the figure of two fish, the tail of one of which is joined to the tail of the other by a thread called the Flax Thread.

就是诸星座据以命名的那些图形。从春分点数起，第一个图形名叫白羊：是一只回过头去望向身后的公羊的样子，所以它的嘴在它的背上。第二是金牛，是一头低头要抵的公牛前半身的样子，好像在肚脐处被截成两段。第三是双子，是两个站着的男孩的样子，其中一个把手搭在另一个的肩上。第四是巨蟹，它的图形是完整的；第五是狮子，也是如此；第六是处女，是一个有翼的少女，裙裾垂下。第七是天秤，它的图形一如其名；第八是天蝎，也是如此。第九是射手：好像一头兽的身躯直到颈部，从颈根伸出一个长发男人的半身，他已把箭搭上弓，拉满了弓。第十是摩羯，它到胸部为止是一只山羊羔前半身的样子，其余是鱼的后半，直到鱼尾。第十一是倾水者，是一个站着的男人的样子，双手伸出，一只手里拿着一个他已倒转过来的罐子，于是水倾泻到他双脚所站之处，从他脚下流过。第十二是双鱼（萨马卡），是两条鱼的样子，一条的尾巴与另一条的尾巴由一根称为“亚麻线”的线连着。

The Ram is sometimes called kabsh ('ram'), and that is more correct, because it has horns; and by the same reasoning the Kid ought to be called tays ('he-goat') on account of its horn. The Indians call it makara, which is the name of a sea animal whose figure is like the one we have described. Among the common people, the sign of the Twins has become known as al-Jawzāʾ, the sign of the Virgin as al-Sunbula (the Ear of Corn), the Archer as al-Qaws (the Bow), the Water-Pourer as al-Dalw (the Bucket) and the Fish as al-Ḥūt; but the former names are the correct ones.

白羊有时被称为“卡卜什”（公羊），这样叫更确切，因为它有角；按同样的道理，摩羯也应因为它的角而被称为“泰斯”（公山羊）。印度人称它为“摩伽罗”，那是一种海中动物的名字，它的样子就像我们描述的那样。在一般人中间，双子宫以“焦扎”出名，处女宫以“松布拉”（麦穗）出名，射手称为“高斯”（弓），倾水者称为“达勒乌”（水桶），双鱼称为“胡特”（鱼）；但前面那些名称才是正确的。

§160. What are the northern figures?

第一百六十问　北方的图形是哪些？

The first of them is the Lesser Bear and the second the Greater Bear; they are in the figures of two bears standing with their tails stretched out. The third is the Dragon, like a long snake with many coils and bends, round the northern pole of the zodiac. The fourth is Cepheus (Qīfāwus), like a veiled man, in the manner of one who gives, stretching out both hands. The fifth is al-ʿAwwāʾ, that is, the Shouter, like a man standing with both hands stretched out. The sixth is al-Fakka, also called the Northern Crown, which the common people know as the Bowl of the Orphans and the Poor. The seventh is the Kneeler on his knees, whose figure is as its name. The eighth is Lūrā, which is the Roman cymbal (ṣanj), and it is sometimes called the Tortoise. The ninth is the Hen, which is the figure of a duck stretching out its neck and spreading its wings as if flying. The tenth is the Lady of the Chair, like a woman sitting on a throne like a pulpit. The eleventh is Barshāwush, also called the Bearer of the Ghoul's Head, like a man standing who holds in his hand a misshapen, severed head. The twelfth is the Holder of the Reins, like a man standing, in one of whose hands is a whip while the other grasps the reins. The thirteenth is the Serpent-Charmer (al-Ḥawwāʾ), a man standing; the fourteenth is the Serpent of the Serpent-Charmer, which the Serpent-Charmer grips with both hands, and it has raised its head and its tail so that they rise above his head. The fifteenth is the Arrow; it is said that it is the steel (al-būlād), because it is an elongated thing without form, and so bears any name that is given to things like it. The sixteenth is the Eagle, which lies on the Arrow. The seventeenth is the Dolphin, a sea animal like an inflated waterskin, fond of people, at home with ships, and a rescuer of the drowning, whether alive or dead. The eighteenth is the First Horse, which is like the head of a horse down to the base of its neck, and for this reason it is called the Piece of the Horse. The nineteenth is the Second Horse, which is like half of a winged horse without legs, cut off at the navel like the Bull mentioned above among the signs. The twentieth is Andromeda (Andrūmadhā), the woman who has not seen a husband, also called the Chained Woman; it is the figure of a woman standing. Abu l-Ḥusayn al-Ṣūfī put the two chains on her feet, but Aratus, who drew this figure, put the chain on her hands, as though she were hanging by it. The twenty-first is the Triangle, whose figure is as its name.

第一是小熊，第二是大熊；它们是两只站立的熊的样子，尾巴伸直。第三是天龙，像一条长蛇，有许多盘曲与转折，绕着黄道的北极。第四是仙王（齐法乌斯），像一个蒙着面纱的人，作施予者的样子，双手伸出。第五是“阿瓦”，即呼喊者，像一个站着、双手伸出的男人。第六是“法卡”，又称北冕，一般人叫它“孤儿与穷人之碗”。第七是跪者，跪在双膝上，图形一如其名。第八是“鲁拉”，就是罗马的钹，有时也称为龟。第九是母鸡，是一只伸长脖子、张开翅膀像在飞的鸭子的样子。第十是坐椅之妇，像一个女人坐在一张形如讲坛的宝座上。第十一是“巴尔沙乌什”，又称持食尸鬼之头者，像一个站着的男人，手里提着一颗形状怪异、被砍下的头。第十二是执缰者，像一个站着的男人，一只手里拿着鞭子，另一只手握着缰绳。第十三是弄蛇人（哈瓦），是一个站着的男人；第十四是弄蛇人之蛇，弄蛇人用双手抓住它，它抬起头和尾，高过他的头顶。第十五是箭；据说它就是“钢”，因为它是一件没有形状的长条之物，所以可以拿与它相似之物的任何名字来称呼。第十六是鹰，它落在箭上。第十七是海豚，是一种海中动物，像一只鼓胀的水囊，喜欢人，与船只相亲，会救溺水的人，不论活的还是死的。第十八是第一马，像一个马头直到颈根，因此称为“马之一块”。第十九是第二马，像一匹有翼之马的半身，没有腿，在肚脐处截断，就像前面星座中所说的金牛那样。第二十是安德鲁马扎，即未见过丈夫的女人，又称被锁之女；是一个站着的女人的样子。阿布·侯赛因·苏菲把两条锁链放在她的脚上，但画这个图形的阿拉托斯把锁链放在她的手上，好像她吊在锁链上一样。第二十一是三角，图形一如其名。

§161. What are the southern figures?

第一百六十一问　南方的图形是哪些？

The first of them is the figure of Qayṭus, a sea animal with two legs and a tail like a bird's. The second is the Giant (al-Jabbār), whose figure is like a man girded with a sword. The third is the River, like a stream with bends. The fourth is the Hare, the fifth the Greater Dog, the sixth the Preceding Dog, the seventh the Hydra (al-Shujāʿ), the eighth the Ship, the ninth the Cup, also called the Wine-Jar (al-Bāṭiya), and the tenth the Raven; their figures are as their names. The eleventh is Qanṭūris and the twelfth the Beast; together they are like the figure of the Archer mentioned above among the signs, that is, composed of half a horse and a man, who has grasped the paw of the Beast and lifted it. The thirteenth is the Censer, the fourteenth the Southern Crown, and the fifteenth the Fish (al-Ḥūt); their figures are as their names. Whoever uses al-Fakka among the northern figures has no need to ascribe this crown to the south; likewise, whoever uses al-Samaka for the sign is content to say al-Ḥūt here, while whoever calls the sign al-Ḥūt needs to ascribe this fish to the south, to distinguish it from that one.

第一是“盖图斯”的图形，一种海中动物，有两条腿，尾巴像鸟尾。第二是巨人（贾巴尔），图形像一个佩剑的男人。第三是河，像一条有许多弯曲的溪流。第四是兔，第五是大犬，第六是前犬，第七是长蛇（舒贾），第八是船，第九是杯，又称酒瓮（巴提亚），第十是乌鸦；它们的图形一如其名。第十一是“甘图里斯”，第十二是兽；两者合起来像前面星座中所说的射手的图形，就是说，由半匹马与一个人合成，那人抓住兽的爪子，把它举了起来。第十三是香炉，第十四是南冕，第十五是鱼（胡特）；它们的图形一如其名。凡在北方图形中使用“法卡”这个名称的人，就无须把这顶冠冕标明为南方的；同样，凡把那个星座叫作“萨马卡”的人，在这里说“胡特”就够了，而把那个星座叫作“胡特”的人，就需要把这条鱼标明为南方的，以便与那一条区别。

§162. How many stars are there in each figure?

第一百六十二问　每个图形里有多少颗星？

This varies among them in number and magnitude, and sometimes stars belonging to them lie outside the figure and are ascribed to it as being outside it. We have set them out in this table, to help in memorizing them. [Table bi-p177-a: stars of the northern figures, first part, from the Lesser Bear to the Lady of the Chair, by magnitude, with totals] [Table bi-p179-a: stars of the northern figures, second part, from Barshāwush to the Triangle, by magnitude, with totals]

这在各图形之间，数目与星等都不相同；有时属于它们的星落在图形之外，作为像外之星而归属于它。我们把它们列在这张表里，以助记忆。〔表：北天图形之星，第一部分，自小熊至坐椅之妇，按星等列出，并附合计〕〔表：北天图形之星，第二部分，自巴尔沙乌什至三角，按星等列出，并附合计〕

All the stars in the northern figures are 360 stars: of the first greatness 3, of the second 18, of the third 81, of the fourth 177, of the fifth 58, of the sixth 22 together with the obscure ones, and of the nebulous 1. [Table bi-p181-a: stars of the twelve zodiacal figures, from the Ram to the Fish, with the stars outside each, by magnitude, with totals]

北方图形中的星共三百六十颗：一等大的三颗，二等十八颗，三等八十一颗，四等一百七十七颗，五等五十八颗，六等连同暗星二十二颗，云状的一颗。〔表：黄道十二图形之星，自白羊至双鱼，附各像之外的星，按星等列出，并附合计〕

So all the stars in the middle figures are 346 stars: of the first greatness 5, of the second 9, of the third 64, of the fourth 133, of the fifth 105, of the sixth 27, and of the nebulous 3, besides the Lock, which is three stars. [Table bi-p183-a: stars of the southern figures, from Qayṭus to the Fish, with the stars outside them, by magnitude, with totals]

所以中间图形里的星共三百四十六颗：一等大的五颗，二等九颗，三等六十四颗，四等一百三十三颗，五等一百零五颗，六等二十七颗，云状的三颗，此外还有发绺，是三颗星。〔表：南天图形之星，自盖图斯至鱼，附其外的星，按星等列出，并附合计〕

So all the stars in the southern figures are 316 stars: of the first greatness 7 stars, of the second 18 [corrected: MS has 10], of the third 63, of the fourth 164, of the fifth 54, of the sixth 9, and of the nebulous 1.

所以南方图形里的星共三百一十六颗：一等大的七颗，二等十八颗〔抄本作十，据算改正〕，三等六十三颗，四等一百六十四颗，五等五十四颗，六等九颗，云状的一颗。

The total in the northern, southern and middle figures is 1022: of the first greatness 15 stars, of the second 45, of the third 208, of the fourth 474 [corrected: MS has 475], of the fifth 217, of the sixth 49, the obscure 9, the nebulous 5, and the Lock, three stars, which after these were not included in the total.

北方、南方与中间图形里的总数是一千零二十二颗：一等大的十五颗，二等四十五颗，三等二百零八颗，四等四百七十四颗〔抄本作四百七十五，据算改正〕，五等二百一十七颗，六等四十九颗，暗星九颗，云状五颗；还有发绺三颗，在这些之后，不计入总数。