卷二·第一章　危象的定义、原因与种类

CHAP. I.

第一章

The Definition of the word Crisis, as Vse, Cause, Kinds, Division and Difference.

「危象」一词的定义，及其用途、原因、种类、划分与区别。

CRisis according to Galen, is a swift and suddain change of any disease, whereby the sick is either brought to recovery, or death; and a sick man can be brought to nothing else, unless you will make him a beast of a man.

照盖伦的说法，危象是任何疾病迅速而突然的变化，病人借此或者走向康复，或者走向死亡；一个病人也不可能被带到别的结局，除非你要把一个人变成一头畜生。

For every swift and suddain change whereever it happens, whether in the Moon or the Aire, or sick body, Galen playes the man and calls a Crisis; and from this Crisis is Judgement given, whether the sicke be like to live or dye.

因为凡是迅速而突然的变化，无论发生在哪里，不论在月亮上、在空气中还是在病体里，盖伦都很有气概地称之为危象；从这种危象可以作出判断：病人是会活还是会死。

The word Crisis is a Greek word derived ⟨?⟩, which signifieth to judge or discern, or pass sentence upon a thing: therefore Criticall dayes are nothing else but dayes wherein a man may discern a disease, or give Judgement upon it, be it good or bad, it matters not much; 'tis taken by a Metaphor from the Judiciall Court to the Art of Physick, because 'tis something like to plead; mans cause for his lise, and to labour acutely under a disease to be drawn by Inimicall accusers before the Judgement Seat, and to run the hazzard of life, with a cruell and hoftil Disease.

「危象」这个词是希腊词，源出……（原书此处希腊文未转录），意思是判断、辨别，或对一件事作出裁决：所以危象之日不过是这样一些日子：人在这些日子可以辨别疾病，或对它作出判断，是好是坏，关系不大；这是借比喻从法庭移用到医术上的，因为一个人在疾病中苦苦挣扎，有点像为自己的性命辩护，被怀有敌意的控告者拖到审判席前，同一种残酷而凶恶的疾病拼着性命。

Moreover there are three things requisite to a judicial Court; the Accuser, the Person indicted, and the Judge. So likewise are there three things by which the Art of Physick consisteth, and by which every cure is perfected: 1. The Disease, 2. Nature, and the Physitian, which is natures servant, or at least should be so; and 3. the accidents which manifest what the disease is, and stand as witnesses.

再者，法庭需要三方：原告、被告与法官。同样，医术也由三者构成，每一次治愈都靠这三者完成：一、疾病；二、本性与医生，医生是本性的仆人，至少应当是；三、表明疾病是什么、像证人一样出庭的种种症状。

The cause of the Crisis is twofold; inward, outward; the internal cause is taken from i'ts one proper principle, if you will believe Hippocrates; and that is double or two-fold; for either nature labours to expell the humour that causeth the disease, or else the humour it selfbeing drawn to a place, and not fit for Excretion, by i'ts own weight or quality, burdens nature, and soares break out. Hippocrates was but a man, and I am no more; a man saith he, is troubled when he is in a Fever, and the sign is horror, trembling, running hither, and thither throughout the Microcosm; this is one internal cause.

危象的原因有两种：内因与外因；内因取自它自己固有的本原，如果你肯相信希波克拉底的话；而这又是两重的：或者本性努力排出致病的体液，或者体液本身被引到某处，又不宜排出，就凭它自身的重量或性质压迫本性，于是生出疮来。希波克拉底不过是个人，我也不过如此；他说，人发热时就受扰，其征兆是寒战、颤抖、在这小宇宙里四处奔窜；这是一种内因。

The second internall cause.

第二种内因。

Others there be, 'tis no matter who, that ascribe the efficient cause of the Crisis to nature it self: Nature if she be strong, as 'tis pitty but she should not, is a good Physitian for all diseases; and concocts the humour which causes the disease, and separates that which is good from that which is bad; and having done so, prepares that which breeds annoyances for Excretion, and at last makes a shift to cast it out.

另有一些人——是谁无关紧要——把危象的动力因归于本性自身：本性若是强健的（她本当如此），就是一切疾病的好医生；她把致病的体液加以熟化，把好的与坏的分开；分开之后，把那滋生烦扰的东西预备好以便排出，最后设法把它排出去。

The externall cause of the Crisis, is caused by an alteration of the Aire, whence ariseth an alteration of the breath a man draws in, from cold to heat, from dry to moist, or the contraries to them both.

危象的外因，是由空气的改变造成的，由此人吸进的气息也随之改变，从冷到热、从干到湿，或者反过来。

For Hippocrates himself in his six Aphorisme, three Comment, and in his Treatise De ⟨?⟩, speaks in down dunstable language, that heat and moisture in the body, moves forward the Crisis: for diseases, some saith he, come by ill Dyet, other by the Aire we draw in.

因为希波克拉底本人在《格言》第六卷、注释第三篇中，以及他的《论……》（原书此处书名未转录）一书里，用最直白的话说：身体里的热与湿推动危象；他说，疾病有的来自不良的饮食，有的来自我们吸进的空气。

So then the Dyet as it breeds such and such humours in the body, is internal; but the Aire we draw in, is the externall cause of the Crisis.

所以，饮食既然在身体里生出这样那样的体液，就是内因；而我们吸进的空气，是危象的外因。

And now give me leave to leave my Author, and yet I will not forget him quite neither. The Lord eternall in the beginning when he made the Creation, made it of a composition of contraries; discord makes a harmony as in Musicke; if the World be composed of a composition of contraries, various must needs be the disposition of mans life: Hence comes sometimes health, sometimes sicknesse, sometimes melancholy, sometimes choler to the body of man, and happy is that man that knows himself.

现在请允许我暂且离开我的作者，不过我也不会把他完全忘掉。永恒的主在太初创造万物时，是用相反之物组合而成的；不和谐造就和谐，就像在音乐中那样；世界若由相反之物组成，人生的状态就必然多变：于是人身上时而健康，时而疾病，时而忧郁，时而胆汁过盛；能认识自己的人是有福的。

These qualities in man being altered by the various influences of the Stars, the Sphere of the one carrying a swifter motion then the Sphere of the other, then various must needs be the disposition of mans body.

人身上的这些性质，随着诸星不同的影响而改变，一颗星的天球比另一颗的运行得更快，人体的状态也就必然多变。

The Luminaries carry the greatest strength in the heavens, and so do the time-servers in the State; and this needs not be doubtful to any body, if you consider that the sound of a Drum or Trumpet incites a man to valour; and the sound of a Fiddle to dancing. Besides other manifest effects of the Luminaries appeare to our eyes. Who makes hours and dayes, and seasons in the year? is it not the Sun? who makes alterations in the Aire, in Plants, and in living Creatures?

两光在天上势力最大，正如见风使舵的人在国中势力最大；这一点对谁都不必怀疑，只要想一想：鼓声或号声激人奋勇，提琴声引人起舞。此外，两光还有别的显著效应摆在我们眼前。是谁造成时辰、日子与一年的四季？不是太阳吗？是谁使空气、草木与生灵发生变化？

What is the reason that Oysters are suller at the ful moon, then at the new? To the number of Oysters, joyne Crabs and Lobsters; nay the marrow in the body of Man; is it not the Moon? A man if he pleaseth, may say his right hand is his left, and a prating Priest may preach his pleasure, let Doctor experience be judge.

为什么牡蛎在满月时比在新月时更肥？在牡蛎之外，再加上螃蟹和龙虾；还有人身体里的骨髓；不是月亮吗？一个人若高兴，尽可以说他的右手是左手，一个饶舌的教士也尽可以随意讲道，让“经验博士”来评判吧。

Now then we have brought the matter to this purpose, that the Universall cause of the Crisis is the influence of the heavens: for the Celestiall bodyes either by heat, light, motion, or aspect, configuration, or all of them, or some of them, act not onely in the four Elements, but Elementary bodyes; for if they act in the one, they must needs in the other; and then by consequence in man, which is but compounded of Elements.

现在我们已经把事情推到这一步：危象的普遍原因是诸天的影响；因为天体或借热、光、运动，或借相位、格局，或借这一切，或借其中一些，不仅作用于四元素，也作用于由元素构成的物体；因为它们既作用于前者，就必然作用于后者；由此推下去，也就作用于人，人不过是由元素组成的。

The earth is a great lump of dirt rolled up together, and by an onely wise God hangs in the Aire; the Stars are no more, neither is the Moon; onely what mettle the Sun is made of I know not.

地球是一大团滚成一块的泥土，靠唯一全智的上帝悬在空中；星辰也不过如此，月亮也是；只有太阳是什么质料做的，我不知道。

If the bodies of men are Elementary, composed of Fire, Aire, Earth and Water; he must needs participate in one measure or other of all these Elements. The Elements being contraries, cannot alwayes agree; hence comes the cause of health, sometimes of sicknesse, sometimes death it self; and Aristotle was halfe of my opinion when he wrote these words; From the Rain and Dew of Heaven both good and bad things are caused to bud.

人的身体若是由元素构成，由火、气、土、水组成，人就必然在这样或那样的程度上分有所有这些元素。元素既然彼此相反，就不能始终和谐；于是有了健康的原因，有时是疾病，有时是死亡本身；亚里士多德写下这些话时，与我的意见有一半相同：“从天上的雨露，好的坏的都萌发出来。”

The kinds of Crisis are two; one in acute diseases, and they are to be judged by the Moon; the other in long and lasting, or chronick diseases, which are to be judged of by the Sun: For those Crises which come from their own proper principle, are from the internall cause depending onely upon the motions of the Moon and her Configurations and aspects to the place she was in at the Decumbiture.

危象有两类：一类在急症中，要凭月亮判断；另一类在长久迁延的慢性病中，要凭太阳判断：因为那些出于自身固有本原的危象，出于内因，只取决于月亮的运行，取决于她对卧床时所在位置的格局与相位。

But you must note in acute diseases, the aspects or radiations of the Moon, to wit her Quartile or Opposition, are not taken from the Coniunction of the Moon to the Sun, as they are in Almanacks or Ephemerides, which is but the Father of an Almanacke, but from the place in which the Moon was found at the Decumbiture, as shall appear by a few examples hereafter.

但你们必须注意，在急症中，月亮的相位或光线，即她的四分或对冲，不是像历书或星历（星历不过是历书之父）里那样从月亮与太阳的会合算起，而是从卧床时月亮所在的位置算起，后面举几个例子就会清楚。

There are acute and Chronick diseases.

疾病有急症与慢性病。

Of Acute diseases, some are simply acute, others are peracute, others are very acute, per-per-acute, or exceeding acute.

急症中，有的单纯是急症，有的是甚急之症，有的是很急之症，也叫急上加急、急到极点之症。

Those which are simply acute, are finished in 8. 10. 11. 14. 20. 21. dayes, and they are called Monthly diseases by some, and Lunary by others, and they none of the greatest fools neither; they are terminated in the time the Moon traceth the 12. Celestiall signes of the Zodiack, which is in 27 dayes, some odd houres, and some odd minutes.

单纯的急症在第八、十、十一、十四、二十、二十一日了结；有人称之为月病，有人称之为太阴病，这些人也不是最笨的；它们在月亮走完黄道十二星座的时间内了结，即二十七日又若干小时、若干分钟。

Thoseacute diseases which suffer changes or degenerate, are to be judged of by an imperfect way; as for them sometimes they increase, sometimes they are remitted; they are as fickle as a weather Cock, according as the Moon meets with the beames either of good or evill Planets: and that is not all the trick they have neither. For sometimes they change out of acute diseases into Chronick diseases; and so a continued Fever may change into a Hecktick Fever; or an intermitting Fever into a continued Fever; and these diseases terminate in forty dayes, very acute diseases, such as are concluded in 5. 6. 7. 8. dayes, among which are the Fevers the Greeks call ⟨?⟩, an inflamation of the Lungs.

那些发生变化或转坏的急症，要用一种不完全的方法来判断；因为它们时而加重，时而缓解；它们像风向标一样反复无常，看月亮遇上吉星还是凶星的光线而定；它们的花样还不止这些。因为它们有时从急症转为慢性病；于是持续热可能转为消耗热，间歇热可能转为持续热；这些病在四十日内了结。很急的病，是在五、六、七、八日内了结的那些，其中有希腊人称为……（原书此处希腊文未转录）的热病，即肺部的炎症。

In exceeding acute diseases, they are such which end in three or four dayes at furthest, as Pestilencies, Apoplexies &c.

极急的病，是最多三四日就了结的，如瘟疫、中风等等。

Chronick diseases follow the motion of the Sun, and 'tis about nine dayes before the first Crisis appears; for in that time the Sun comes to the proper Quartile of the place he was in at the Decumbiture, as appeares in Hecktick Fevers, Dropsies: but when he comes to his Sextile, or Trine aspect of the place he was in at the Decumbiture, some motion appeares whereby a man if he have any guts in his braines, may judge of the Crisis to come.

慢性病随太阳的运行，第一次危象出现大约要九十日；因为在这段时间里，太阳来到卧床时所在位置的本四分之处，消耗热、水肿就是如此：而当他来到卧床时所在位置的六分或三分之处时，会出现一些动静，一个脑子里有点见识的人，可以据此判断将来的危象。

It falls out well, if the Sun be well aspected by good Planets, and worle if to evill Planets; and this holds true, if you consider it from the Nativity, throughout all the whole course of a mans life: for diseases are particularly attendants on a mans life, if Dr. Experience tell truth.

太阳若得吉星的良好相位，结果就好；若与凶星成相位，就较坏；你若从本命来考虑，这一点在人一生的全部历程中都成立：因为疾病是人一生中的特别随从，如果“经验博士”说的是真话。

Moreover of the Crises, some are perfect, some are imperfect.

再者，危象有完全的，有不完全的。

A perfect Crisis, is, when the disease appeares intirely, and perfectly to be judged of; and this is sometimes hopefull, sometimes desperate; hopefull when there is great probability of health and recovery; desperate when there is palpable signes of death.

完全的危象，是病完整地显露出来、可以完全判断的时候；它有时有望，有时无望；有望，是有很大的康复可能时；无望，是有明显的死亡征兆时。

An imperfect Crisis, is, when the disease is changed upon every light occasion; and if Mars be Author of the disease, and in a sign of a double body, upon my life you shall not faile; for the Critis happens as true as the Weather-cock.

不完全的危象，是病因一点小事就起变化的时候；若火星是致病者，又在双体星座，我敢以性命担保你们不会判错；因为那时危象就像风向标一样准，转来转去。

Your safest way then to judge of the disease, is by the Aspects of the Moon to the Planets; when the Moon meets with the Inimicall, or hostil beames of Saturne, or Mars, have a care of your Patient: And if you know what hinders, by the same reason, you may know what helps. Physitians in former, when they were wise, and minded the common good, and not their own gain, they distinguished the Crisis of diseases thus;

那么，判断疾病最稳妥的方法，是看月亮与诸行星的相位；月亮遇上土星或火星怀有敌意的光线时，要当心你的病人：你若知道什么有害，按同样的道理，也就能知道什么有益。从前的医生，在他们还明智、还顾念公益而不是自己的利益时，是这样区分疾病的危象的：

Some were safe, some doubtfull; some fit to be judged, and some not fit to be judged.

有的安全，有的可疑；有的适于判断，有的不适于判断。

That Crisis is safe, which comes without great and pernitious aspects.

不带重大凶险相位而来的危象，是安全的。

It is doubtful, suspitious, I had almost said dangerous, which comes with great pernitious aspects.

带着重大凶险相位而来的危象，是可疑的、令人担忧的，我几乎要说是危险的。

The disease is fit to be judged, when signes of Concoction come the fourth day; and then certainly the Crisis will appear the 9th. The Moon moves not upon a equal motion; therefore you had best trust to her motion, rather then the dayes.

若熟化的征兆在第四日出现，疾病就适于判断；那时危象必定在第九日出现。月亮的运行并不均匀；所以你们最好信她的运行，而不是信日数。

The Sun hath domination in Chronick diseases, the Moon in acute; if you be a wise man, your judgement shall be as sure as the Sun, and that never failes without a miracle.

太阳主宰慢性病，月亮主宰急症；你若是个明智的人，你的判断就会像太阳一样准，而太阳除非出了奇迹，是从不失准的。

In times of yore, when knowledge was scant, men went a begging for it; and they that had gotten knowledge, monopolized it. A few glimpses of Adams happinesse in Paradise, which happinesse all the World have been reaching after ever since.

往昔知识稀少的时候，人们四处乞讨知识；而得到知识的人就把它垄断起来。那是亚当在乐园中的福乐的几缕微光，自那以后，全世界都一直在追寻那种福乐。

They knew well enough the Moon moved so many degrees, in so many dayes: an evill Angell, I had almost said the Devill, perceiving there was want of knowledge in the World, goes and transformes himself into an Angel of light, and taught men to count the time by dayes: 'Tis no great marvail the Egyptians should worship Garlick and Onyons for Gods, when we defie Christmas-day, though perhaps it may be cloudy.

他们很清楚月亮在多少日内走多少度：一个邪恶的天使——我几乎要说是魔鬼——看到世上缺乏知识，就去把自己变作光明的天使，教人们按日子计算时间：埃及人把大蒜和洋葱当作神来崇拜，也就不足为奇了，既然我们连圣诞节都蔑视，虽然那天也许会是阴天。

What I have spoken, I have onely spoken to shew that it is the motion of Sun and Moon that produceth the Crisis in diseases, and not the number of dayes.

我所说的这些，只是为了表明：造成疾病危象的是日月的运行，而不是日子的数目。

I must return to the place I intended; Of dayes, some are called by their own name, Criticall dayes; other are called Judiciall dayes, and they are so called, because upon them, dame Nature and her Son Doctor Reason would make manifest what the disease is: and Doctor Experience tels me 'tis true.

我必须回到我原来要讲的地方：日子之中，有的就以它本来的名字称为危象之日；另一些称为判断之日，之所以这样称呼，是因为在这些日子里，本性夫人和她的儿子理性博士会把疾病是什么显明出来：经验博士也告诉我这是真的。

Another time is called Intercidental, which is a time falls out between the judicial dayes and Criticall. Upon these Intercidental dayes, the disease is usually remitted; if so, then a good Crisis may be expected; if not, an evill. I shall explain these terms before I go further; a man fals sick, there is the first Crisis, let the cause of the disease be what you will; when the Moon comes to the same degree of the next figue she was in at the Decumbiture, there is the judiciall dayes; for in that time the disease shews it self in its colours, with bag and baggage.

另一段时间称为居间之日，是落在判断之日与危象之日之间的时间。在这些居间之日，疾病通常会缓解；若是如此，就可以期待一个好的危象；若不然，就是一个坏的。在往下讲之前，我先解释这些名称：一个人病倒了，这是第一次危象，致病的原因随它是什么；月亮来到下一个星座中与卧床时所在度数相同的那一度时，就是判断之日；因为在这段时间里，疾病带着全部家当，现出它的本色。

When the Moon comes to her Sextile, it brings the Intercidental Day, and should mitigate the disease; if she do not, she is aspected to evill Planets: and if she be aspected to ill Planets, an ill Crisis is to be expected, and so the contrary; and you shall never find this faile.

月亮来到她的六分之处时，带来居间之日，理应使病减轻；若没有减轻，那是她与凶星成了相位：她若与凶星成相位，就可预期坏的危象，反之亦然；你们会发现这条从不失准。