卷五·第 244–252 问　已转之度、上升点、宫位、四角与会合

BOOK V. CELESTIAL PHENOMENA

卷五　天象

§244. What is the revolved part (al-dāʾir) of the orb?

第二百四十四问　何谓天球的“已转之度”（达伊尔）？

When what has passed of the daytime is known, it is multiplied, if the hours are equal hours, by 15; if they are crooked hours, by the parts of the hours of the Sun's daytime, which are one twelfth of the arc of its daytime; and if they are gharīs, which are the minutes of the days, by 6. From all this comes the revolved part, which is the amount of the times of the equator that has revolved from the rising of the Sun up to the assumed moment. If it is what has passed of the night, the matter is as before, except that if the hours are crooked, they are then multiplied by the parts of the hours of the Sun's night, which are those of the opposite of its degree, and that is one twelfth of the arc of its night; and so the revolved part is obtained.

若已知白昼已过去了多少：时辰若是等时，就乘以十五；若是曲时，就乘以太阳白昼的时辰度数，即它的昼弧的十二分之一；若是伽利，即日的分，就乘以六。由这一切得出“已转之度”，就是从日出到所设时刻，赤道已转过的时度之数。若是黑夜已过去了多少，事情同前，只是时辰若是曲时，就乘以太阳黑夜的时辰度数，那是它所在度数的对冲度的时辰度数，即它的夜弧的十二分之一；这样就得出已转之度。

§245. What is the ascendant?

第二百四十五问　何谓上升点？

It is the part of the zodiac that has reached the eastern horizon: the sign is the sign of the ascendant and the degree its degree, and that at an assumed moment.

它是黄道已到达东方地平的那一部分：那个星座是上升的星座，那一度是上升的度；这是就某一所设的时刻而言的。

§246. What are the houses?

第二百四十六问　何谓宫位？

The zodiac is divided into twelve unequal divisions, beginning from the degree of the ascendant in the order of the signs, so that the first division of them is the ascendant, and the second, and so on to the twelfth. The degrees of each house are equal to the degrees of its seventh, and working this out is called the equalization of the houses.

黄道被分成十二个不相等的部分，从上升度起，顺星座次序，于是其中第一部分就是上升，然后是第二，依次直到第十二。每一宫的度数等于它的第七宫的度数；把这些算出来，称为“宫位的均齐”。

§247. What are the angles, what follows them, and the cadents?

第二百四十七问　何谓四角、随角者与果宫？

The houses that begin from the horizon, east and west, and from the meridian and the orb of midnight, are the angles. The first of them is the ascendant; the second is the angle of the fourth, also called the angle of the earth; the third is the angle of the seventh, also called the angle of the setting; and the fourth is the angle of the tenth, also called the angle of mid-heaven. Those that follow the angles are the ones that come after the angles in the order of the signs, I mean the second, the fifth, the eighth and the eleventh; they are ready to become angles. The cadents (zawāʾil, 'those that have declined') are those beneath the angles against the order of the signs, I mean the third, the sixth, the ninth and the twelfth; they were angles and then declined from them. Some people call them the fallen ones (sawāqiṭ), but I do not prefer that, because it can bear another meaning and so gives rise to confusion.

从地平的东西两端、从子午圈与午夜之圈起始的宫位，就是四角。其中第一是上升；第二是第四宫之角，又称地之角；第三是第七宫之角，又称西没之角；第四是第十宫之角，又称中天之角。随角者是按星座次序跟在四角之后的宫位，我是指第二、第五、第八与第十一宫；它们即将成为四角。果宫（扎瓦伊勒，“已偏离者”）是逆星座次序在四角之下的宫位，我是指第三、第六、第九与第十二宫；它们曾是四角，后来从四角偏离了。有些人称它们为“坠落者”（萨瓦基特），但我不取这个名字，因为它还能有别的意思，于是引起混淆。

§248. What are the upright angles and the others?

第二百四十八问　何谓直立的四角及其他？

The angle of mid-heaven is the tenth of the houses. If its degree happens to be in the tenth sign from the sign of the ascendant, the angles are called upright; if its degree happens to be in the eleventh sign from the sign of the ascendant, the angles are called inclining; and if its degree happens to be in the ninth, the angles are called declining.

中天之角是诸宫中的第十宫。它的度数若恰落在从上升星座数起的第十个星座中，四角就称为直立的；它的度数若落在从上升星座数起的第十一个星座中，四角就称为倾斜的；若落在第九个星座中，四角就称为偏落的。

§249. What is the revolution of the years?

第二百四十九问　何谓年的回归？

The year is the return of the Sun to the place where it was at its beginning. The year of the world, as the practitioners of this art have agreed, is from the Sun's reaching the beginning of Aries; and the year of nativities is from its reaching the place where it was at the time of birth. One needs to know that in order to work out the ascendant by it, which is then the ascendant of the revolution of that year.

年就是太阳回到它在年初所在之处。世界之年，照此术从业者的公议，是从太阳到达白羊之首算起；本命之年，是从太阳到达出生时它所在之处算起。需要知道这一点，是为了据此算出上升点，那就是这一年回归的上升点。

§250. What are the conjunctions?

第二百五十问　何谓会合？

A conjunction belongs to two planets or more when they come together at one place in the longitude of the signs. But 'conjunction' without qualification is applied to the conjunction of Saturn and Jupiter. It happens once every 20 years and is called the lesser conjunction. If their conjunction is reckoned by their mean course, the second is in the ninth sign from the preceding one; these signs are of one triplicity, and they conjoin in them 12 times and then pass in their conjunction to another triplicity. For example, the first conjunction was in Aries, the second in Sagittarius, the third in Leo and the fourth in Aries; these are the signs of a triangular figure. In this way they conjoin in them until the twelfth is in Leo; then they pass to the triplicity of Taurus, so that the first conjunction is in Taurus, the second in Capricorn and the third in Virgo. This transfer takes place in 240 years and is called the middle conjunction, the transfer of the passage, and the revolution of the year in which the transfer of the passage takes place. It is known that the triplicities are four, the first of them the triplicity of Aries and the last the triplicity of Cancer. When the conjunctions have gone through all the triplicities, 12 times in each, they return to the beginning of Aries, and that is in 960 years; this is called the greatest conjunction. The conjunction of Saturn and Mars in one assumed sign, to the exclusion of others, which is Cancer, is also used.

两颗或更多的行星在星座经度上聚于一处，就是会合。但不加限定地说“会合”，指的是土星与木星的会合。它每二十年发生一次，称为小会合。若按它们的平均行程推算会合，第二次就落在从前一次数起的第九个星座；这些星座同属一个三方，它们在其中会合十二次，然后它们的会合便转到另一个三方。例如，第一次会合在白羊，第二次在射手，第三次在狮子，第四次又在白羊；这些是一个三角形图形上的星座。它们就这样在其中会合，直到第十二次落在狮子；然后转到金牛的三方，于是第一次会合在金牛，第二次在摩羯，第三次在处女。这一转移历时二百四十年，称为中会合、行经之转移，而发生行经转移的那一年的回归也这样称呼。已知三方有四个，第一个是白羊的三方，最后一个是巨蟹的三方。当会合走遍所有三方、每个三方十二次之后，就回到白羊之首，那需要九百六十年；这称为最大会合。土星与火星在一个特定的星座——即巨蟹，而不在别的星座——中的会合，也有人使用。

§251. What is the passage (mamarr) used in the conjunctions?

第二百五十一问　会合中所用的“行经”（马马尔）是什么？

By it is not meant high and low absolutely; for if that were so, no planet would pass over another whose orb is higher. The Moon, for example: its passing over Mercury, let alone over the others up to Saturn, would be impossible and out of the question. They take the passage of a planet over another to mean the comparison of their places with respect to the mean distance, in the apogee orb on its own and in the epicycle on its own. When both are at their mean distances, they are level in their path and neither passes over the other. If one of them is in the first or the fourth belt, it is called passing over the one that is in the other two belts, even if its orb is lower than the other's orb. If both are in one belt, and are wholly in the first [text uncertain], the one that is farther from its mean distance passes over the one that is nearer to its mean distance; it is as if the two were imagined together on one orb and then compared by their distance from the earth. To know this, a separate operation is used.

它不是指绝对意义上的高与低；若是那样，就没有一颗行星能行经于天球比它高的另一颗之上了。比如月亮：它行经于水星之上，更不用说行经于直到土星的其余诸星之上，就成了不可能、无从谈起的事。他们把一颗行星行经于另一颗之上，理解为比较两者相对于平均距离的位置，远地点圈单独比，本轮单独比。当两者都在平均距离时，它们在行程上持平，谁也不行经于谁之上。若其中一颗在第一带或第四带，就说它行经于在另外两带中的那一颗之上，即使它的天球比另一颗的天球低。若两者在同一带中，而且全在第一带〔原文疑有讹误〕，那么离其平均距离较远的，就行经于离其平均距离较近的之上；就好比把两者设想在同一个天球上，再比较它们离大地的远近。要知道这一点，另有专门的算法。

§252. What are conjunction and opposition?

第二百五十二问　何谓合与望？

Conjunction (ijtimāʿ) is the coming together of the Sun and the Moon at the end of the month; in the Almagest it is called the first joining (ittiṣāl). The part in which this takes place is called the part of the conjunction, and the ascendant at its time is the ascendant of the conjunction. It takes place in the middle of the period during which the Moon is hidden under the rays of the Sun; this period is called sirār, because the Moon is concealed (istisrār) in it, and muḥāq, because its light is effaced (inmiḥāq). Opposition (istiqbāl) is when the Moon is in the seventh sign from the sign of the Sun and their parts in them are equal. It is called a joining [sic], because the Moon is filled with light in it, and the Moon is called badr (full moon) because of its completeness and its hastening (mubādara) to rise at sunset. The ascendant at its time is called the ascendant of the opposition. As for its part, by reasoning it ought to be the one in which the Moon is; but the astrologers take it as the part of whichever luminary is then above the earth, whether it be the Moon or the Sun.

合（伊吉蒂马）是日月在月末聚到一起；在《天文学大成》里它称为“第一次相接”。发生合的那一度称为合之度，合时的上升点就是合的上升点。它发生在月亮隐没于太阳光线之下那段时期的正中；这段时期称为“西拉尔”，因为月亮在其中隐藏（伊斯提斯拉尔），又称“穆哈格”，因为它的光在其中被抹去（茵米哈格）。望（伊斯提格巴勒）是月亮在从太阳所在星座数起的第七个星座中，而且两者在各自星座中的度数相等。它被称为“相接”〔原书如此〕，因为月亮在其中充满了光；月亮被称为“巴德尔”（满月），是因为它的圆满，也因为它在日落时急于（穆巴达拉）升起。望时的上升点称为望的上升点。至于望之度，按道理应当是月亮所在的那一度；但占星家取当时在地上的那颗发光体所在的那一度，不论那是月亮还是太阳。