卷四·第 239–241 问　大地之穹、诸家分地与各气候带的城市

§239. What is the dome of the earth?

第二百三十九问　何谓大地之穹？

By it is meant the midpoint of longitude between east and west; and sometimes it is described as having no latitude, so that it lies on the equinoctial line. I do not know the matter of it for certain, nor whether it is a view of the Persians or of others, for the books of the Greeks are empty of any mention of it. As for the Indians, they assert that there is Lankā [corrected: MS has Kank], the abode of the demons, and that under the north pole there is a mountain they call Meru, which is the abode of the angels; and on the line joining the two lie the city of Ūzayn (Ujjain) in the kingdom of Mālava, the fortress of Rohitak, Tānēshar, and the cold mountains that lie in front of the land of the Turks.

它指东西之间经度的中点；有时又说它没有纬度，所以位于赤道线上。这件事我不能确知，也不知道它是波斯人的说法还是别人的，因为希腊人的书里全然没有提到它。至于印度人，他们断言那里是楞伽〔抄本作“甘克”，据文义改正〕，是魔鬼的住所；北极之下有一座山，他们称为须弥，是天使的住所；连接二者的线上，有摩腊婆国的优禅尼城、罗希塔克要塞、塔内沙尔，以及位于突厥之地前方的寒冷群山。

§240. Is the earth divided otherwise than into climes?

第二百四十问　大地除了按气候带之外，还有别的分法吗？

To Afrīdūn, one of the mighty kings of the Persians, is ascribed a threefold division by longitude among his three sons: the eastern piece, containing the Turks and Ṣīn, to his son Tūj; the western piece, containing the Rūm, to his son Salm; and the middle piece, Īrānshahr, to his son Īraj. To Noah, peace be upon him, is ascribed another threefold division, by latitude, among his sons: the southern piece, containing the black peoples, to his son Ḥām; the northern, containing the white peoples, to his son Yāfith; and the middle, containing the brown peoples, to his son Sām. The Greeks have another threefold division besides this: they divided the earth at the land of Egypt into two parts, and called what lies east of it Asia without qualification. As for what lies west of it, the Sea of al-Shām divides it into a southern piece, which they called Libya, containing the black and the brown peoples, and a northern piece, which they called Ūrufī (Europe), containing the white and the fair peoples. Since the eastern piece is many times the western, they separated Iraq and Khurāsān from it and called them Asia Minor, and what remains of it Asia Major. This is the figure of it. The Persians divided it by kingdoms into seven kishwars, and this division is ascribed to Hermes. This is the figure of it.

据说波斯诸大王之一阿夫里敦，按经度把大地三分给他的三个儿子：东边一份，含突厥人与中国，给他的儿子图吉；西边一份，含罗姆人，给他的儿子萨勒姆；中间一份，即伊朗国，给他的儿子伊拉吉。据说挪亚——愿他平安——另有一种三分，按纬度分给他的儿子们：南边一份，含黑色诸族，给他的儿子含；北边一份，含白色诸族，给他的儿子雅弗；中间一份，含褐色诸族，给他的儿子闪。希腊人在此之外又有一种三分：他们在埃及之地把大地分为两部分，把它以东的称为亚细亚，不加限定。至于它以西的，沙姆海把它分成南边一份，他们称为利比亚，含黑色与褐色诸族；北边一份，他们称为欧罗巴，含白色与金发诸族。由于东边一份是西边的好几倍，他们又从中分出伊拉克与呼罗珊，称为小亚细亚，把其余部分称为大亚细亚。这是它的图。波斯人按王国把它分为七个克什瓦尔，这种分法归于赫尔墨斯。这是它的图。

The Indians divided it into nine pieces, called khaṇḍa, according to the four quarters and what lies between them. This is the figure of the nava-khaṇḍa, with the names of the quarters in it in their language.

印度人按四方及其间的方向把它分为九块，称为“坎达”。这是“九坎达”的图，其中四方之名用的是他们的语言。

§241. What countries are there in the climes?

第二百四十一问　诸气候带中有哪些地方？

When the latitude of a town is known, since we have described the latitude of the beginning of each clime and of its end, the position of that town among the climes is not hidden. The latitudes of towns in most books are far from correct, and up to now we have managed to correct only a few of them. So when we describe the towns of the climes, we aim at approximation rather than verification, although what we mention is nearer to correctness than what is found in the books. We say, then, that the equinoctial line begins south of the land of Ṣīn in the sea, passes over the islands of the Zanj, whose soil is golden, cuts across between the two islands of Kalah and Sarbuza, passes south of the island of Sarandīb in the islands of al-Dībajāt, and north of al-Fanūj [text uncertain] among the islands and coasts, and of Sufāla, and north of the mountains of the Moon, until it reaches the western Encircling Sea.

知道了一座城市的纬度，由于我们已经说明了每个气候带开头与末尾的纬度，那座城市在诸带中的位置就不会不明。大多数书里的城市纬度离正确很远，到现在为止我们只改正了其中少数几个。所以我们描述诸带的城市时，求的是近似而不是核实，虽然我们所说的比书里所载的更接近正确。我们说：赤道线始于中国之地以南的海中，经过僧祇诸岛——那里的土是金色的——从箇罗与萨尔布扎两岛之间穿过，经过迪巴贾特诸岛中锡兰迪布岛之南，经过诸岛与海岸中的法努吉〔原文疑有讹误〕之北、索法拉之北，再经过月亮山之北，直到西方的环海。

The first clime begins from the east of the land of Ṣīn and passes over the cities of its gates, which are the rivers up which ships go from the sea, such as Khānjū or Khānfū. In it are the island of Sarandīb and what lies south of Ṣanʿāʾ in the land of al-Yaman, such as Ẓafār, Ḥaḍramawt and ʿAdan; in it are Dunqula, the city of Nubia, and most of the cities of the Sūdān of the West; then it ends at the Encircling Sea.

第一带始于中国之地的东边，经过它的门户诸城，那是船只从海上溯流而上的河口，如汉久或汉府。其中有锡兰迪布岛，以及也门之地萨那以南的地方，如佐法尔、哈德拉毛和亚丁；其中有努比亚之城栋古拉，以及西方苏丹的大多数城市；然后止于环海。

The second clime starts from the lands of Ṣīn and passes, in the land of Hind, north of the mountains of Qāmarūn, over Kanauj, Bārāsī, Ūjayn, and some of what is on the coast, Tāna, Khastamūr and Sindān. In it are the lands of Sind, al-Manṣūra and al-Daybul. Then it reaches ʿUmān, and so there are in it, of the land of the Arabs, Hajar, al-Baḥrayn, al-Yamāma, Mahra, Sabaʾ, Tabāla, al-Ṭāʾif, Jidda, Mecca and the city of Yathrib; and the kingdom of al-Ḥabasha, the land of the Bujja, Uswān, Qūṣ, the Upper Ṣaʿīd, and the south of the lands of the West, until it ends at the Encircling Sea.

第二带从中国之地起，在印度之地经过卡马伦山之北，经过曲女城、巴拉西、优禅尼，以及沿海的一些地方：塔纳、哈斯塔穆尔和信丹。其中有信德之地、曼苏拉和代布勒。然后到阿曼，所以其中有阿拉伯人之地的哈杰尔、巴林、叶麻麦、麦赫拉、赛伯邑、塔巴拉、塔伊夫、吉达、麦加和叶斯里卜城；以及阿比西尼亚王国、布贾人之地、阿斯旺、库斯、上赛义德，以及西方诸地的南部，直到止于环海。

The third clime begins from the east of the land of Ṣīn. In it are the kingdoms of [illegible] and the middle parts of the kingdom of Hind; in it are Tānēshar and Qandahār, and of the land of Sind al-Multān and its regions, Makrān, and the mountains of the Afghans as far as Zābulistān, al-Bust, Sijistān, Kirmān, Fārs, Iṣfahān, al-Ahwāz, al-Baṣra, al-Kūfa, Iraq, the lands of al-Jazīra, al-Shām, Filasṭīn, Bayt al-Maqdis (Jerusalem), al-Qulzum, al-Tīh, the land of Egypt, Alexandria, the lands of Barqa, Ifrīqiya, the tribes of the Berbers in the land of the West, Tāhart, al-Sūs and the lands of Ṭanja; and it ends at the Encircling Sea.

第三带始于中国之地的东边。其中有〔抄本此处字迹难辨〕的诸王国和印度王国的中部；其中有塔内沙尔和坎大哈，信德之地的木尔坦及其周边、莫克兰，阿富汗人的山地直到扎布尔斯坦、博斯特、锡斯坦、克尔曼、法尔斯、伊斯法罕、阿瓦士、巴士拉、库法、伊拉克、贾兹拉诸地、沙姆、巴勒斯坦、耶路撒冷、古勒祖姆、提赫荒野、埃及之地、亚历山大、巴尔卡诸地、易弗里基叶、西方之地的柏柏尔诸部、塔哈尔特、苏斯和丹吉尔诸地；止于环海。

The fourth clime begins from the land of Ṣīn and Tibet, Khitā and Khutan and the cities between them, and passes over the mountains of Kashmīr, Bulūr, Wakhān, Badakhshān, Kābul, al-Ghūr, Harāt, Balkh, Ṭukhāristān, Marw, Quhistān, Nīsābūr, Qūmis, Jurjān, Ṭabaristān, al-Rayy, Qum, Hamadhān, al-Mawṣil, Ādharbayjān, Manbij, Ṭarsūs, Ḥarrān, the frontier fortresses (al-thughūr), Antioch, and the islands of Cyprus, Rhodes and Sicily, as far as the Encircling Sea at al-Zuqāq between al-Andalus and the lands of the West.

第四带始于中国与吐蕃之地、希塔与于阗及其间诸城，经过克什米尔群山、勃律、瓦罕、巴达赫尚、喀布尔、古尔、赫拉特、巴尔赫、吐火罗斯坦、木鹿、库希斯坦、内沙布尔、库密斯、朱尔将、塔巴里斯坦、剌伊、库姆、哈马丹、摩苏尔、阿塞拜疆、曼比季、塔尔苏斯、哈兰、边塞诸堡、安条克，以及塞浦路斯、罗得、西西里诸岛，直到安达卢斯与西方之地之间“巷”处的环海。

The fifth clime begins from the land of the eastern Turks and of Yājūj (Gog), who are shut in behind the barrier, and passes over the races of the eastern Turks who are known by their tribes, to Kāshghar, Balāsāghūn, Bāst, Farghāna, Isbījāb, al-Shāsh, Usrūshana, Samarqand, Bukhārā, Khwārazm, and the Sea of the Khazars as far as Bāb al-Abwāb, Bardhaʿa, Mayyāfāriqīn, Armenia, the passes of the Rūm and their lands, and over the lands of Great Rome (Rūmiya al-Kubrā); and it passes over the land of the Jalāliqa (Galicians) and the lands of al-Andalus, and ends at the Encircling Sea.

第五带始于东方突厥人与雅朱者之地——他们被关在屏障之后——经过以部落著称的东方突厥诸族，到喀什噶尔、八剌沙衮、巴斯特、费尔干纳、伊斯比贾布、沙什、乌斯鲁沙那、撒马尔罕、布哈拉、花剌子模，以及可萨海，直到众门之门、巴尔达阿、马亚法里勤、亚美尼亚、罗姆人的关隘及其诸地，并经过大罗马之地；又经过加利西亚人之地和安达卢斯诸地，止于环海。

The sixth clime begins from the dwellings of the eastern Turks, of the Qāy, the Qūn, the Khirkhīz, the Kīmāk and the Toghuzghuz, the land of the Turkmen, Fārāb, the lands of the Khazars and the north of their sea, the Alān and al-Sarīr between this sea and the Sea of Ṭarābazunda; it passes over Constantinople, the land of Burjān, the Franks and the north of al-Andalus, and ends at the Sea of the West.

第六带始于东方突厥人的住地：喀伊、昆、黠戛斯、基马克和九姓乌古斯，土库曼人之地、法拉卜、可萨人之地及其海之北，以及此海与特拉布宗海之间的阿兰和萨里尔；经过君士坦丁堡、布尔詹之地、法兰克人和安达卢斯之北，止于西方之海。

The seventh clime has not much habitation in it. In the east it is only thickets and mountains in which bands of Turks take shelter like wild creatures. It passes over the mountains of the Bāshghirt, [illegible] the Bajanākiyya (Pechenegs), the lands of Suwār, Bulghār, the Rūs, the Ṣaqāliba and the Bulghariyya, and ends at the Encircling Sea. Beyond this clime there are few nations, such as Īsū, and beyond them Yak and Barda, and their like.

第七带中人居不多。在东方只有丛林和山岭，突厥人的群伙像野兽一样藏身其中。它经过巴什基尔人的山地、〔抄本此处字迹难辨〕佩切涅格人、苏瓦尔之地、保加尔、罗斯人、斯拉夫人和保加利亚人，止于环海。这一带之外民族很少，如伊苏人，他们之外还有亚克与巴尔达，以及与之相类的。